If you want to become an airline pilot, understanding the ATPL is one of the most important first steps.
The Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) is the highest level of pilot qualification available and is the licence required to captain commercial airliners. However, most student pilots initially qualify with a “frozen ATPL” before building the flight experience needed for a full ATPL licence.
In this guide, we explain exactly what the ATPL is, how ATPL training works, the difference between modular and integrated training, what the ATPL exams involve, and the typical pathway to becoming an airline pilot in the UK.
Whether you are just starting flight training or researching pilot career options, this guide explains everything you need to know about the ATPL route.
What does ATPL stand for?
ATPL stands for Airline Transport Pilot Licence.
It is the highest level of aircraft pilot certification and allows pilots to act as the captain of commercial airliners operating under commercial air transport regulations.
In Europe and the UK, ATPL training follows UK CAA and EASA standards and combines:
- Advanced theoretical knowledge
- Commercial flight training
- Instrument flying
- Multi-engine training
- Airline procedures and operations
Most airline pilots begin their careers with a frozen ATPL before eventually upgrading to a full ATPL once sufficient flight hours and operational experience have been completed.
What is a Frozen ATPL?
A frozen ATPL is the qualification most newly trained airline pilots hold when they first begin working for an airline.
A frozen ATPL means the pilot has:
- Passed all 13 ATPL theory exams
- Completed commercial pilot training
- Achieved instrument and multi-engine ratings
- Met the required training standards
However, they have not yet accumulated the flight experience required for a full unrestricted ATPL licence.
To “unfreeze” the ATPL, pilots must gain the operational flight hours specified by the aviation authority, typically while working as a commercial airline first officer.
This is the standard route followed by the vast majority of airline pilots worldwide. A frozen ATPL can sound confusing to new student pilots, particularly when first researching airline careers. To better understand how the qualification fits into the wider airline training route, read our guide to how the ATPL system works.
How do you get an ATPL?
The typical airline pilot training pathway includes:
1. Private Pilot Licence (PPL)
The first stage of flight training where students learn fundamental flying skills.
2. Hour Building
Students build additional flight experience and navigation skills.
3. ATPL Theory Exams
Students complete 13 advanced theoretical knowledge subjects covering areas such as meteorology, flight planning, navigation, performance, and aviation law.
4. Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL)
This stage develops professional flying standards and commercial operations capability.
5. Multi-Engine Instrument Rating (MEIR)
Pilots learn to fly multi-engine aircraft in instrument conditions.
6. MCC and APS Training
Multi-Crew Cooperation training prepares pilots for airline flight deck operations.
After completing these stages, pilots typically qualify with a frozen ATPL and begin applying for airline roles.
Modular vs Integrated ATPL Training
Choosing between modular and integrated ATPL training is one of the biggest decisions aspiring airline pilots will make. While integrated courses offer a structured full-time pathway, modular training provides greater flexibility and is often more cost-effective for students balancing training with work or other commitments. Both routes can ultimately lead to the airlines, but the right option depends on your budget, learning style, and career timeline. Our detailed guide to modular vs integrated ATPL training explains the advantages, challenges, and key differences between each route in more detail.
What are the different ATPL Theory exams?
A crucial part of the ATPL journey is completing the ATPL theoretical knowledge exams, which cover 13 subjects, including:
- Instrumentation
- General Navigation
- Meteorology
- Human Performance and Limitations
- Radio Navigation
- Aircraft General Knowledge
- Air Law
- Flight Planning and Monitoring
- Communication
- Mass and Balance
- Operational Procedures
- Principles of Flight
- Performance
These exams are known for being challenging, requiring thorough study and preparation. Many students opt for structured courses, such as the BGS ATPL theory course, to support their learning.
Many student pilots find certain subjects significantly more challenging than others, particularly areas such as General Navigation and Flight Planning. Our guide to the hardest ATPL exams explains which subjects students struggle with most and how to prepare effectively.
Flight Experience Requirements
To convert a frozen ATPL to a full ATPL, pilots must log 1,500 hours of flight experience, including:
- 500 hours as a co-pilot in a multi-pilot aircraft
- 250 hours as Pilot in Command (PIC)
- 75 hours of instrument time
- 100 hours of night flying
Once these requirements are met, pilots can apply to have their ATPL unfrozen, allowing them to act as captains on commercial flights.
Cost of Training
ATPL training is a significant investment, with costs varying depending on the training route. A modular ATPL can cost between £60,000-£80,000, while an integrated ATPL typically costs from £115,000. Financing options, airline sponsorships, and scholarships may be available to help manage costs.
Career Opportunities
Holding an ATPL opens doors to a wide range of aviation careers, including:
- Airline Captain
- Cargo Pilot
- Charter Pilot
- Flight Instructor
- Corporate Aviation
As the aviation industry continues to grow, the demand for qualified airline pilots is expected to remain high, making ATPL training a worthwhile investment for those passionate about aviation.
Conclusion
Obtaining an ATPL is a challenging but rewarding journey that leads to a career in commercial aviation. Whether you choose the modular or integrated route, success depends on dedication, rigorous study, and flight training. If you’re considering starting your ATPL journey, ensure you choose a reputable training provider to guide you through the process.
Need help preparing for your ATPL exams? Check out Bristol Groundschool’s ATPL theory courses to get expert support and guidance on your path to becoming an airline pilot!
